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Dmanisi skull 4
The Dmanisi skull 4, also known as D3444 with its mandible D3900, is one of five ''Homo erectus'' skulls discovered in Dmanisi, Georgia. Described in a publication in October 2006, it is believed to be about 1.8 million years old. The five Dmanisi skulls are the five oldest hominins ever found outside Africa, thereby doubling the presumed age of the human migration outside the continent.
Since the publication of the Dmanisi skull 5 in 2013, all five Dmanisi skulls have been in the middle of an paleontological controversy: many hominin fossils thought to be different species, such as ''Homo ergaster'' or ''Homo habilis'' may not have been separate species. Most human ancestors were quite possibly a single evolving lineage.〔(Skull suggests three early human species were one : Nature News & Comment )〕 (''See'' Dmanisi skull 5.)
==Description of the skull==
Skull 4 and its mandible were discovered during the 2002–2003 excavations at Dmanisi. The cranial capacity is between and . This imprecision is due to a missing part at the cranial base.
This elderly specimen was probably a male and all but one tooth was lost before death. A lot of bone tissue around the mouth was lost due to resorption.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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